Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of animal plague in the Meriones unguiculatus plague foci of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR), China, so as to provide a scientific basis for plague prevention and control strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the surveillance data on the density of M. unguiculatus, the number of vectors, etiology, and serology of M. unguiculatus in the plague foci of IMAR from 2018 to 2022. Results In the M. unguiculatus plague foci of IMAR from 2018 to 2022, the mean density of M. unguiculatus was 2.45 individuals/hm ², the flea infestation rate of M. unguiculatus was 23.96%, and the flea index was 0.62. Yersinia pestis was isolated for five consecutive years. The Y. pestis detection rate of animals was 0.39%. The Y. pestis detection rate of vectors was 0.29%. The serological positive rate by indirect hemagglutination assay was 0.21%. Conclusions Plague was active in the M. unguiculatus plague foci of IMAR from 2018 to 2022. Routine surveillance should be strengthened to timely detect and control animal plague, so as to effectively reduce the intensity of animal plague and the risk of human plague.

Objective To investigate the role of miR-276-3p in the chitin metabolism of Aedes albopictus larvae, so as to provide a new target for the control of Ae. albopictus using chitin metabolism-related miRNAs. Methods miR-276-3p-specific mimic agomir and inhibitor antagomir chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized to overexpress and suppress the expression of miR-276-3p in Ae. albopictus larvae through feeding, respectively. The relative expression of miR-276-3p in larvae was measured by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR. The chitin levels of larvae and pupae were determined using biochemical assay. The survival rate and pupation rate of larvae and the eclosion rate of pupae were calculated. Two-way ANOVA was used for mirR-276-3p expression differences analysis, T-test was used for chitin content comparison between different groups, and the log-rank test and Mantel-Cox test were used for survival rate difference analysis. Results miR-276-3p agomir chitosan nanoparticles effectively overexpressed miR-276-3p in Ae. albopictus larvae, the expression on the 1st and 3rd days increased by 73.96% ( F=932.401, P<0.001) and 16.95% ( F=114.551, P=0.047) respectively, while miR-276-3p antagomir chitosan nanoparticles significantly suppressed the expression of miR-276-3p in Ae. albopictus larvae, the expression on the 1st and 5th days decreased by 13.42% ( F=293.632, P<0.001) and 1.49% ( F=69.542, P=0.014) respectively. The overexpression of miR-276-3p increased the chitin content by 25.34% ( t=85.838, P=0.019). The survival rate decreased significantly, and the difference between the experimental group and the control group on the 8th day was statistically significant ( χ ²=77.490, P=0.020), and the pupation rate was 70.00%, which was 90.00% and lower than that of the control group. The suppression of miR-276-3p reduced chitin levels in the larvae by 40.06% ( t=71.811, P=0.028) and pupae by 46.82% ( t=92.147, P=0.011) of Ae. albopictus. Conclusions miR-276-3p has significant effects on the chitin content,survival rate,and pupation rate of Ae. albopictus larvae. This study provides basic data for mosquito control by using miRNAs to regulate chitin metabolism in Ae. albopictus larvae.

Objective To investigate the species composition, distribution, seasonal variation, and density of rodents in different environments by analyzing rodent surveillance data in human settlements of Inner Mongolia autonomous region (Inner Mongolia), China, in 2017-2019, and to provide a reference for rodent prevention and control in Inner Mongolia. Methods The trap-at-night method and the path method were used to monitor rodent density once every two months (in odd months), and monitoring was performed in the middle ten days of each odd month, with an interval of no less than 30 days. Surveillance sites were selected from three habitats of urban residential area, special industry, and rural villages, and more than 200 effective traps were placed at each surveillance site in each odd month. Excel 2013 software was used for data analysis, SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistical analysis, and the chi-square test was used for comparison of rates. Results The mean rodent density in Inner Mongolia was 0.53% in 2017-2019, and the dominant species was Mus musculus, followed by Rattus norvegicus, with a composition ratio of 67.57% and 25.94%, respectively, and the other rodent species accounted for 6.49%. There were two peaks in rodent density， namely spring of 2018 and winter of 2019， and the density was generally low in the summer and the autumn. Rural villages had the highest rodent density of 1.10%, and there was also a significant difference in rodent density between different habitats ( χ ²=51.188, P<0.001). Conclusion There are differences in rodent density and seasonal variation between different years and habitats. Therefore, comprehensive prevention and control measures should be taken to effectively reduce rodent density in human settlements and fundamentally control the risk of rodent-borne diseases.

Objective To isolate culturable intestinal bacteria from Clogmia albipunctata larvae, determine the digestive enzyme-producing activity and drug resistance of the bacteria, and to explore the effects of intestinal bacteria on food digestion and acclimatization of C. albipunctata. Methods The traditional isolation and culture method was used for the isolation and purification of culturable intestinal bacteria from C. albipunctata larvae, and 16S rRNA sequencing was used for identification. The flat transparent circle method was applied to screen for bacteria producing amylase, protease, cellulase, or lipase. The ratio of transparent circle diameter (D) to bacterial colony diameter (d) was calculated to compare the digestive enzyme-producing activities of different bacteria. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0 software. The one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison between groups. When the variance is homogeneous, S-N-K multiple comparison was performed; when the variance is not homogeneous, the Dunnett's T3 test was performed. The paper disk diffusion method was used to analyze the drug susceptibility of different culturable intestinal bacteria. Results A total of 12 species of bacteria belonging to 5 genera were isolated from the intestine of C. albipunctata larvae. There were 7 species belonging to the genus Bacillus- B. vietnamensis, B. subtilis subsp., B. thuringiensis, B. aryabhattai, B. cereus, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, and L. pakistanensis. There were 2 species belonging to the genus Enterococcus- E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum. There was 1 species each belonging to the genus Exiguobacterium, Leucobacter, and Staphylococcus- E. profundum, L. celer subsp., and S. sciuri. Among these bacteria, 8 species showed amylase-producing activity, 6 species showed protease-producing activity, and no bacteria showed cellulase- or lipase-producing activity. There was a significant difference in amylase-producing activity between the 8 species of bacteria ( F=8.779, P<0.001). B. vietnamensis, B. subtilis subsp. and E. profundum had relatively high activity of producing amylase. There was a significant difference in protease-producing activity between the 6 species of bacteria ( F=23.980, P<0.001). B. vietnamensis and B. subtilis subsp. had relatively high activity of producing protease. In drug susceptibility tests, S. sciuri showed resistance to 6 antibiotics, E. gallinarum were resistant to 5 antibiotics, and B. aryabhattai and E. casseliflavus showed resistance to 4 antibiotics. Conclusion The culturable intestinal bacteria from C. albipunctata larvae have the ability to produce amylase and protease, which may assist in digestion and breakdown of food. The intestinal bacteria generally have certain drug resistance, which can help C. albipunctata larvae survive in a dirty environment.

Objective To establish a RT-hemi-nested PCR assay for laboratory detection of mosquito-borne alphaviruses based on the universal primers of mosquito-borne alphaviruses. Methods Three universal primers of mosquito-borne alphaviruses were designed in the conserved regions based on the whole genome sequence of alphaviruses in GenBank. The RT-hemi-nested PCR assay was established using the cDNAs of Sindbis virus (SINV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) as templates under optimized conditions; the sensitivity and specificity of this method were validated and mosquitoes collected in the field were tested. Results The sensitivity test results showed that the lowest detection limit of SINV and CHIKV was 3×10 ³ and 3×10 ⁴ copies/µl. The sensitivity test results showed that the RT-hemi-nested PCR was only able to amplify the alphavirus. The established method was used to detect mosquito specimens collected in the field. The results showed that mosquito-borne alphavirus was not detected in all samples . Conclusion The RT-hemi-nested PCR assay established in the study is highly specific and sensitive and can be used for epidemiological survey on alphavirus infection.

Objective To investigate the effects of intestinal bacteria in Musca domestica larvae on their feeding and oviposition into the adulthood. Methods Traditional methods were used for isolation and culture of culturable non-anaerobic bacteria from the intestinal tracts of 3-day-old M. domestica larvae. These bacteria were used to carry out feeding and oviposition preference experiments on M. domestica adults. With SPSS 20.0 software for statistical analysis, one-way analysis of variance was conducted for comparison between groups, and the t-test was used for comparison between two independent samples. Results Ten bacteria belonging to 9 genera were isolated from the intestinal tracts of M. domestica larvae: Enterobacter hormaechei, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter bereziniae, Providencia stuartii, E. cloacae, Lactococcus lactis, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, P. vermicola, and Bacillus safensis. E. hormaechei, L. lactis, and E. cloacae were found to exert attracting effects on feeding of M. domestica adults, yielding attracting rates of (80.88±5.60)%, (60.77±4.13)%, and (61.59±4.13)%, respectively, and the other seven bacteria were found to inhibit feeding. Ten bacteria were all revealed to have attracting effects on oviposition of M. domestica adults. E. hormaechei, E. cloacae, L. lactis, L. fusiformis, and B. safensis showed strongest attracting effects, with attracting rates of 100%. Conclusion It has been confirmed that intestinal bacteria in M. domestica larvae have effects on their feeding and oviposition into their adulthood, and it is clarified that M. domestica adults' feeding and oviposition are mainly regulated by nutrition and odor, respectively. The results lay a foundation for research and development of new bacterial repellents or attractants of M. domestica adults.

Objective To screen for bacteria against Beauveria bassiana from the intestinal bacteria of Musca domestica larvae. Methods The traditional isolation and culture methods were used to isolate intestinal bacteria from M. domestica larvae, and the bacteria were identified by bacterial colony morphology and 16S rDNA sequencing. The spore germination test was used to screen for the intestinal bacteria of M. domestica inhibiting the spore germination of B. bassiana. The plate confrontation test was used to screen for the intestinal bacteria of M. domestica inhibiting the mycelial growth of B. bassiana. Results Thirteen species of bacteria were isolated from the intestines of M. domestica larvae by the traditional isolation and culture methods. The spore germination test showed that only Pseudomonas aeruginosa significantly inhibited the spore germination of B. bassiana, with a germination rate of 17%, while the spore germination rates for other bacteria and control group were above 90%. The plate confrontation test showed that P. aeruginosa significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of B. bassiana, and that the mean diameter of the inhibitory zone on the plate was about 30 mm, while other intestinal bacteria from M. domestica larvae did not inhibit the mycelial growth of B. bassiana. Conclusion Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the intestines of M. domestica larvae can inhibit the spore germination and mycelial growth of B. bassiana, and this may be one reason why M. domestica larvae are immune to B. bassiana.

Objective To investigate the effect of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride on the content of energy substances in the larvae and pupae of Musca domestica. Methods From June to September, 2013, the laboratory population of M. domestica was used for the experiment. The newly hatched larvae were divided into control group (fed with normal forage) and three experimental groups (treated with forage containing 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, respectively). The grinding method was used for the sampling of energy substances in the 1st instar larvae, and hemolymph was collected from the 2nd and 3rd instar larvae and pupae. The Coomassie brilliant blue method was used to measure the content of proteins, anthrone-sulfuric acid colorimetry was used to measure the content of total sugars, and phosphoric acid-vanillin chromogenic reaction was used to measure the content of lipids. SPSS 20.0 software was used for statistical analysis; a one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison between groups; the t-test was used for comparison between two groups. Results The content of proteins in the larvae and pupae in the 0.5% ciprofloxacin hydrochloride group decreased to a maximum of 4.00% and 10.00% of that in the control group; the content of lipids in the larvae in the 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% ciprofloxacin hydrochloride groups decreased to 75.00%, 65.00%, and 50.00% of that in the control group, while the content of lipids in the pupae in the 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% groups decreased to 85.00%, 75.00%, and 50.00% of that in the control group; the content of total sugars in the 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% groups decreased to 80%, 60%, and 30% of that in the control group. After the larvae and pupae of M. domestica were fed with ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, their caloric values decreased with the increase in the concentration of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride ( F=12.551, P<0.001). The control group had higher caloric values of the larvae and pupae than the 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% ciprofloxacin hydrochloride groups ( t=13.093, 11.294, 8.601, all P<0.001); the 0.1% group had higher caloric values than the 0.3% and 0.5% ciprofloxacin hydrochloride groups ( t=10.290, 7.842, all P<0.001); the 0.3% group had higher caloric values than the 0.5% group ( t=6.919, P<0.001). Conclusion Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride can reduce the synthesis of energy substances (proteins, lipids, and total sugars) in the larvae and pupae of M. domestica and thus reduce their caloric values, thus effects the individual development and population multiplication of M. domestica.

Objective To isolate culturable bacteria from the intestines of Blattella germanica, and to investigate the activity of digestive enzymes produced by these bacteria. Methods Traditional isolation and culture method was used for the isolation and purification of the bacteria from the intestines of B. germanica, and 16S rRNA sequencing was used for identification. The flat transparent circle method was used to screen out the bacteria producing amylase, cellulase, protease, or lipase, and the ratio of transparent circle diameter (D) to bacterial colony diameter (d) was used to compare the activities of digestive enzymes produced by different bacteria. SPSS 20.0 software was used for statistical analysis. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison between groups; the S-N-K multiple comparison method was used for comparison of data with homogeneity of variance, and the Dunnett's T3 method was used for the significance analysis of data with heterogeneity of variance. Results A total of 20 species of bacteria belonging to 12 genera were isolated from the intestines of B. germanica, among which there were 4 species in Enterococcus, 3 species in Bacillus, 3 species in Lysinibacillus, 2 species in Citrobacter, and 1 specie each in Serratia, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Morganella, Microbacterium, Enterobacterium, Chryseobacterium, and Ventosimonas. Among these bacteria, 7 produced protease and 3 produced amylase; no bacteria produced cellulase or lipase. The protease produced by S. marcescens and C. massiliae had relatively high activity, while that produced by M. oxydans, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. paramycoides, B. tequilensis, and P. aeruginosa had relatively low activity; there was a significant difference in the activity of produced protease between the 7 species of bacteria ( F=8.859, P=0.000), while there was no significant difference in the activity of amylase produced by different bacteria ( F=2.920, P=0.130). Conclusion Some bacteria in the intestines of B. germanica can produce protease and amylase, and such bacteria can assist food digestion in B. germanica.

Objective To investigate the effects of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride on the individual growth and development and population reproduction of Musca domestica. Methods The newly laid eggs of M. domestica were placed on the filter paper soaped with 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% ciprofloxacin hydrochloride or sterile water (control). The hatching rates of the eggs were observed. The hatched larvae were fed with 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% ciprofloxacin hydrochloride or without ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (control). The development of M. domestica was observed every day and the developmental durations of egg stage, larval stage, and pupal stage were calculated. The male and female adults emerged from ciprofloxacin pupae and control pupae were paired. The ciprofloxacin adults were fed with brown sugar (nutrients) and sterile water with 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% ciprofloxacin, while the control adults were fed with brown sugar (nutrients) and sterile water (control). The pre-oviposition period, number of eggs laid per female, and lifetime of adults were calculated. The age-stage, two-sex life table software was used to calculate the age-stage survival rate, fertility, number of eggs laid per female, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, and net reproductive rate of M. domestica and to evaluate the effects of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride on the individual growth and development and population reproduction of M. domestica. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0 software. Comparison between groups was made by one-way analysis of variance and comparison between two independent samples was made by the t test. Results The developmental durations of egg stage and pupal stage in 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% ciprofloxacin groups were 1 day and 6 days, respectively. There were no significant differences in the durations of egg stage and pupal stage between the three ciprofloxacin groups and the control group (all P>0.05). The duration of larval stage in the control group and the three ciprofloxacin groups were 5.80±0.09 days and 8.44±0.06 days, respectively, and there was a significant difference in the duration of larval stage between the control group and the three ciprofloxacin groups (F=40.927, P=0.000). The lifetime of female adults and male adults in the control group vs the three ciprofloxacin groups were 28.39±0.92 days vs 17.19±0.85 days and 26.27±1.12 days vs 17.31±0.98 days, respectively, and there were no significant differences in the lifetime of female adults and male adults between the control group and the three ciprofloxacin groups (female:F=20.091, P=0.000; male:F=14.218, P=0.000). The pre-oviposition period of female adults and the number of eggs laid per female in the control group vs the three ciprofloxacin groups were 4.94±0.10 days vs 6.37±0.33 days and 638.76±39.32 vs 137.37±24.22, respectively, and there was a significant difference between the control group and the three ciprofloxacin groups (F=28.336, P=0.000). The age-stage, two-sex life table study showed that the hatching rates of M. domestica eggs, mortality rates in the whole life cycle, life expectancy of newly laid eggs, and life expectancy of female adults in the control group vs the three ciprofloxacin groups were 96.43% vs 68.75%, 15.48% vs 46.09%, 36.07 days vs 18.03 days, and 32.03 days vs 19.88 days, respectively. From the perspective of population ecology, the intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, and net reproductive rate in the control group vs the three ciprofloxacin groups were 0.23 vs 0.13, 1.26 vs 1.14, and 258.55 vs 28.98, respectively. Conclusion After feeding with ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, the individual development of M. domestica is retarded, fertility is decreased, and population growth rate is significantly inhibited.

Objective To investigate the distribution of mosquito species and mosquito-borne viruses in different regions of Guizhou province, China, and to provide evidence for the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases. Methods Mosquito samples were collected using mosquito lamps in Liping, Congjiang county, Huaxi, and Wudang district in Guizhou province in August 2018. Virus species were identified by molecular biology methods and the sequences of newly isolated viruses were analyzed using bioinformatics software. Results A total of 17 018 mosquitoes belonging to 3 genera and 4 species were collected from the above four sites in Guizhou province, including Culex tritaeniorhynchus (34.0%), Cx. pipiens pallens (2.3%), Anopheles sinensis (24.7%), and Armigeres subalbatus (39.0%). Among these species, Ar. subalbatus was the most collected one. Two strains of viruses were isolated from mosquito specimens and identified by molecular biology. The virus strain GZWK isolated from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus belonged to genotype I Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and the virus strain GZWA isolated from Ar. subalbatus belonged to genotype Ⅲ JEV. Conclusion Armigeres subalbatus was the dominant species in the regions investigated in Guizhou, and the Japanese encephalitis virus was also isolated in the study. The GZWK strain has a close phylogenetic relationship with the genotype I JEV VN105 strain from Vietnam, and the GZWA strain has a close phylogenetic relationship with the genotype Ⅲ JEV FJ0339 strain from Fujian province, China.

Objective To make accurate identification of bedbug species and provide information for implementation of effective prevention and control measures. Methods In this study, morphological identification and DNA barcoding that distinguishes species based on the differential of genetic distances of mitochondrial Cytochrome C oxidase subunit Ⅰgene (COⅠ), were employed to identify the bedbugs collected from a school of Tai'an in Shandong province. Results Firstly, length of pronotum is two times of width, corresponding with the description of Cimex lectularius. Secondly, genetic distances of unidentified bedbug samples with C. lectularius were 0-1.3%, while 27.6%-28.0% with C. hemipterus. Conclusion Both morphological characters and genetic distances supported that these bedbug samples belong to C. lectularius. Bedbugs are social insects, which is usually spread by human activities. Implementation of long term effective prevention and control measures are crucial for reducing and avoiding the threat caused by bedbugs.

Objective To investigate the effects of ciprofloxacin on the antioxidases activities of Musca domestica larvae and pupae. Methods T-SOD, CAT, and POD activities were detected and analyzed every day. The housefly larvae being fed with 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% ciprofloxacin, named 0.l% ciprofloxacin group, 0.3% ciprofloxacin group and 0.5% ciprofloxacin group, respectively. Fly larvae fed with normal feed named control group. The detection kits of T-SOD, CAT, and POD were used to detect the enzymatic activity of different groups. The assay on enzymes enzymatic activity of different samples was repeated five times. The statistical methods was used for multiple comparison. Results The enzymatic activities of T-SOD, CAT, and POD were had no significant differences among control groups, 0.1% and 0.3% ciprofloxacin groups. But the enzymatic activities of T-SOD, CAT, and POD at 0.5% ciprofloxacin group were significantly higher than the other three groups. After being fed with 0.5% ciprofloxacin, the T-SOD activity of larvae and pupae were up to 30 and 40 times higher than the control groups, respectively. The activity of CAT in 0.5% ciprofloxacin group of larvae and pupae were up to 3 and 6 times higher than the control groups. In 0.5% ciprofloxacin group, the POD activity of larvae and pupae were up to 2 and 7 times higher than the control groups, respectively. Conclusion Low concentrations of ciprofloxacin had no significant impact on the antioxidase activities of housefly larvae and pupae, high concentration of ciprofloxacin did activate the antioxidase activity.

Objective To provide scientific evidence for integrated control of Musca domestica, study the synergism of Nasonia vitripennis and Beauveria bassiana. Methods The "Y" olfactometer and host-selection tests were used to research the selectivity of female N. vitripennis to M. domestica pupae exposed to B. bassiana spores. Ecological simulation test was used to investigate the effects of B. bassiana on the reproductive potential and life-span of emerged M. domestica adults after being exposed to the spores at pupae stage. Difference of measurement data was compared with single factor analysis of variance using SPSS package. Results There was preference by female N. vitripennis to B. bassiana spores-treated M. domestica pupae and controls. The pre-oviposition period of M. domestica adults emerged from B. bassiana spores-treated pupae and controls were about(6.00±0.94) and(6.07±0.78) d, respectively, there were no statistical significant differences between them. The oviposition of female M. domestica adults emerged from B. bassiana spores-treated pupae and controls were(152.20) 14.37) and(633.17) 17.08) eggs, respectively. The hatchability of eggs ovipositted by flies treated with spores at pupae stage and controls were about(20.64±1.74)% and(88.63±2.05)%. The life span of female flies emerged from spore-exposed pupae and controls were about(4.93±1.74) and(28.93±2.70) d, respectively. So the female fecundity and egg hatchability of M. domestica treated with B. bassiana spores at pupae stage were reduced to 1/4 of controls, life span of female flies emerged from spore-exposed pupae dropped to 1/6 of controls, the reproductive potential of female flies emerged from spore-treated pupae dropped to 1% of control groups. Conclusion Beauveria bassiana spore treatment had no significant effects on the parasitic rate of female N. vitripennis to M. domestica pupae and the pre-oviposition period of emerged female flies. In the breeding grounds of M. domestica, releasing N. vitripennis could control 80% of the pupae. Spraying B. bassiana spores combined with releasing N. vitripennis could reduce the reproductive potential of M. domestica by 99%. The combined method is an effective means to the integrated biological control of M. domestica.

Objective To evaluate the safety of Beauveria bassiana CF08 strain on the fly pupal parasitoid, Nasonia vitripennis. Methods Insect-dipping test and spore-feeding method were used to evaluate the safety of B. bassiana CF08 strain on N. vitripennis larvae and adults. Results After spore-dipping or spore-feeding, the longevities of N. vitripennis female adults were (11.09±0.15)and (10.92±0.15)d, the control group was about (10.99±0.19)d, there was no significant difference among them ( F=0.893, P=0.446). The longevity of spore-dipped, spore-fed and control male parasitoids were (5.83±0.09), (5.88±0.03), and (5.75±0.09)d, respectively. There was also no significant difference among the three groups ( F=2.614, P=0.152). When the parasitized fly pupae dipped in the spore suspensions of B. bassiana CF08 strain, the parasitoid emergence rate, number of parasitoids emerged per fly pupa and sex ratio were more than 80%, 43 and 90%, respectively. The three indicators of spore-dripping groups and control group had no significant difference. Nasonia vitripennis emerged from spore-dripping fly pupae and control pupae had the same parasitic capacity to B. peregrine pupae. The parasitic rate, parasitoid emergence rate, number of parasitoids emerged from per fly pupa and sex ratio were more than 90%, 80%, 43 and 90%, respectively. There was also no significant difference among the spore-dripping groups and control group. Conclusion Beauveria bassiana CF08 strain had no negative effects on the development of immature stage and longevity of N. vitripennis adults. Exposure to B. bassiana spores at immature stage had no significant effects on the offspring quality of N. vitripennis. The parasitoid and entomogenous fungus could be used in combination for biological control of flies.

The housefly ( Musca domestica) is known to be a vector of diseases, living closely to human dwellings. The flies could contaminate drinking water, food and other products and mechanically transmit some pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. The fungus carried by M. domesticas including opportunistically pathogenic fungus. Some fungi carried by house flies could contaminate human foods while others could produce teratogenic, mutagenicand carcinogenic mycotoxins. However, studies focusing on fungus carried by house flies were not evaluated adequately. We reviewed the fungi carried by M. domestica based on the international literatures in this paper.

Objective To study the effects of the branch powder of Rhododendron micranthum Turcz on the oviposition, growth and development of Musca domestica. Methods Rearing media with added branch powder of Rh. micranthum Turcz was used to feed M. domestica and observed in the laboratory. Results The minimum effective concentration of the branch powder of Rh. micranthum Turcz inhibited the oviposition of M. domestica was 4%,effective for up to 60 h. The concentration of 5% the branches powder caused a sluggish development and prolonged larval stage of M. domestica, delaying development for 0.8 d. The test material had no obvious effects on the pupation of M. domestica. Conclusion The branche powder of Rh. micranthum Turcz influences the oviposition, growth, and development of M. domestica, reducing the experimental populations.

Objective To investagate the horizontal transmission of Beauveria bassiana CF08 strain in population of Musca domestica adults under the laboratory and field conditions. Methods After spraying spores or introducing infected houseflies to healthy houseflies, the prevalence of infection was recorded. Results The pathogenicity of B. bassiana CF08 strain between female and male houseflies had no significant difference (t=1.220, P=0.240). Under laboratory conditions, with the increasing proportion of infected houseflies in population, the infection rate of healthy houseflies increased up to 80%. But in the fields, the infection rate of healthy houseflies only to 12%. Conclusion Beauveria bassiana CF08 strain could horizontally transmit in house flies populations under laboratory conditions, but was not suitable for control wild house flies in the fields.

Objective Investigate Wolbachia infection and diversity in Aedes albopictus from different populations of China,in order to provide baseline data for the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases. Methods Choosing Wolbachia surface protein gene(wsp) as reference. All wsp DNA sequences obtained through PCR and sequenced were used for comparison with those sequences downloaded from GenBank, to determine the states and types of Wolbachia that infected by Ae. albopictus. Results Eleven populations were infected with Wolbachia, which including wAlbA subgroup of A group, and wPip, wAlbB subgroup of B group. Additionally, samples from Taian and Yulin were found coinfected with A and B group. These results were further supported by phylogenetic analysis, which demonstrated that all wsp sequences were clustered into two clades, and two subclades in B group were corresponding with wPip and wAlbB. Conclusion Aedes albopictus of our country were mainly infected with wAlbA and wAlbB subgroups, which with high infect rate.

Push-pull strategy is a new integrated, nontoxic pest management method. The strategies involve the behavioral manipulation of insect pests and their natural enemies via the integration of stimuli that make the protected sources unattractive or unsuitable to the pests (push), while luring them toward attractive sources (pull) from where the pests are subsequently removed. The strategy is a useful tool for integrated pest management programs reducing pesticide application. The strategy has been successfully used in agriculture pest management. But in management of public health pests, it was only used in few species. In this paper, it summarized some cases of push-pull strategies used in public health pest control, in order to promote the push-pull application in the future.

Objective To analyze the enzootic plague epidemic characteristics of Inner Mongolia plague natural foci during 2010-2014, and provide a scientific basis for the future plague surveillance and control. Methods Collected plague monitoring data from 2010 to 2014 in the Inner Mongolia plague natural foci were analyzed using descriptive epidemiological method. Results It was found that there was prevalence of animal plague every year during the study period in Inner Mongolia. Yersinia pestis was identified in 3 kinds of host animals and 4 kinds of insect vectors, with positive serum samples detected in 4 kinds of host animals. There were 166 strains Y. pestis and 72 positive serum samples. Conclusion In the plague foci in Inner Mongolia, enzootic plague is still quite active and the surveillance should be strengthened to prevent human plague outbreak.

As one of the most important medical vectors, ticks can attack a broad range of vertebrates and transmit a great diversity of pathogens. With the global warming and environmental alternation, the distribution areas of ticks are increasing rapidly. Subsequently, emerging and reemerging ticks-borne diseases pose considerable threats on public health. Chemical insecticides often show high efficacy, however, the long-term and large amount use not only leads to resistance development of vectors, drug residues are also potential hazards to people and livestock. Plant-derived repellents are characterized by low toxicity or non-toxic, and all these natural plant compositions are degradable. In all, plant-derived repellents are environmental friendly, which will play important role in the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases in future. In order to provide basic information for the further development of plant-derived repellents, it reviewed related researches that performed on ticks.

Objective To understand the enzootic plague epidemic characteristics of Inner Mongolia Spermophilus dauricus plague natural foci in the ChaHaEr hill-Song Liao plains during 2001-2013, provided a scientific basis for future plague surveillance and management. Methods Collected plague monitoring data from 2001 to 2013 in the Inner Mongolia S. dauricus plague natural foci, used descriptive epidemiological method to analyze the data. Results From 2001 to 2013, 18 937 S. dauricus were captured, rat density was 0.88; In total 38 203 S. dauricus were combed for fleas, flea infection rate was 48.60%. Together 76 452 fleas were collected, fleas index was 2.00;One strain Yersinia pestis was identified from Meriones unguiculatus and 93 positive serum samples of S. dauricus were detected by IHA from 2001 to 2013. Conclusion Enzootic plague persists in natural foci which is mainly maintained by S. dauricus, while there has been no human cases reported.

Objective To summarize and analyze the monitoring Results of fleas in the plague natural foci of Meriones unguiculatus in Inner Mongolia, China from 2003 to 2012 and to provide reliable baseline data for analysis of the epidemic characteristics of enzootic plague in the natural foci and effective prevention and control of plague. Methods Surveillance was carried out in the 24 plague natural foci (banners or counties) of M. unguiculatus in Inner Mongolia, and stratified sampling was performed in different habitats. The opaque specimens of all ectoparasite fleas on captured rodents were classified under a low?magnification microscope. Fleas were collected from the burrow tracks of M. unguiculatus using sticks and then identified, and fleas were also collected from representative rodent holes. According to the criteria for determinating plague natural foci and plague epizootics (GB 16883-1997 and GB 16883-1997 Appendix B), the fleas were tested by culture of plague bacteria. The species, number, and infection of fleas in different years were recorded using Excel 2003 and analyzed by descriptive epidemiology. Results From 2003 to 2012, a total of 82 410 fleas, which belonged to 37 species (subspecies), 14 genera, 5 families, and 3 superfamilies, were collected in the plague natural foci of M. unguiculatus in Inner Mongolia. The annual number of flea species fluctuated between 26 and 32, and the annual number of fleas fluctuated between 6375 and 9891 (mean 8241). Plague bacteria were isolated from 930 fleas, which belonged to 14 species (subspecies). The annual number of species of plague bacteria isolated from fleas fluctuated between 0 and 9 (mean 3.3). The annual number of fleas from which plague bacteria were isolated fluctuated between 0 and 278 (mean 93). Stenoponia formozovi was found for the first time in the foci. Conclusion Because the ecological environment of plague natural foci has been affected by natural and social factors in recent years, the number, species, and infection of fleas show some new characteristics. We should strengthen the monitoring and control of the fleas as a vector in the transmission of plague.

Objective To observe the effect of adult cold storage on the longevity and reproductive capacity of female Nasonia vitripennis. Methods The female N. vitripennis emerged on different days were cold stored at 15 ℃ for different period. Their longevity, parasitic capacity and reproductive capacity were then measured. Results The longevity of female N. vitripennis was extended after cold storage at adult stage. However, as the cold storage time prolonged, the parasitic and reproductive capacities were compromised. At a cold storage time for less than 12 d, the impact on these capacities of female N. vitripennis was not remarkable. In contrast, after cold storage of over 12 d, the egg production and parasitic capacities declined linearly. After cold stored for 24 d, the parasitic ratio of Boettcherisca peregrina by N. vitripennis reduced to 35% from 85% before cold storage and the average emerging parasitoid progeny to 6 from 33 per fly pupa. However, the female adult rate and the body length of the progeny were not affected. Conclusion Adult cold storage extends the longevity of female N. vitripennis at the cost of reproductive capability.

Objective The study was conducted to determine the effects of frozen storage of Lucilia sericata pupae on the prolificacy of Nasonia vitripennis. Methods The length of growth stages, sizes of descendants, life span of the females, parasitic and  reproductive  ability  of  descendants  of  N. vitripennis  within  L. sericata  pupae  were  documented. Results Two  groups of N. vitripennis in L. sericata pupae, frozen at -20 ℃ and -70 ℃, respectively, demonstrated a growth period of approximately 13 days, the body length of female descendants about 1.8 mm and males about 1.2 mm, the life span of female descendants about 11 days, suggesting  no  significant  differences  when  compared  to  the  control  group (P＞0.05).  A  total  of  83% to 90% eclosed N. vitripennis could successfully parasitize natural L. sericata pupae, and 73% to 80% emerged, about 37 from each pupa, with the female to male ratio of about 90%, suggesting no significant differences when compared to the control group (P＞0.05). Conclusion Frozen storage of L. sericata pupae had no effects on the development and prolificacy of N. vitripennis descendants.

【Abstract】 Objective To explore control efficacy of one?dose Japanese encephalitis（JE） attenuated live vaccine in 1-3 years in JE endemic areas, and provide the evidence for its control. Methods The children who only inoculated one?dose JE attenuated live vaccine from 2004 to 2006 in Guizhou were investigated, and its incidence rate within 1-3 years after inoculation was analyzed. At the same time, the immunization retrospective study to all the JE confirmed cases was done. Results The incidence rate of JE immunization county declined 62.36% compared to that of last year, but  it  rebounded  after  inoculation  for 1-2 years in some counties. Among the cases investigated, the targeted children accounted for 73.28％. No JE vaccine had been inoculated in 27 cases sampled randomly. The incidence rates of objectors were no significant difference after immunization for 1-3 years(χ2＝0.73, P＞0.05), which were 6.25/100 000, 5.77/100 000 and 4.54/100 000, respectively. The inoculation rates were 1.92% among 52 diagnosed cases, lower than that of the control(29.41%), and significant difference was found between them (χ2＝52.74, P＜0.01). Conclusion The long?term control efficacy of one dose JE attenuated live vaccine is very good after inoculation for 1-3 years , and the effective method to realize control efficacy is the increase of inoculation rate. The rebound of incidence rate was related to the actual inoculation rate in some counties after immunization for 1-2 years.

【Abstract】 Objective To study the effects of Boettcherisca peregrine pupae frozen storage on the reproduction of Nasonia vitripennis. Methods The developmental duration, body length, female longevity and reproduction of the parasitoid were tested after the pupae of   B.peregrine  were  frozen  for different times at -20 ℃ and -70 ℃.  Results The developmental durations of N.vitripennis progeny (F1) at B.peregrine pupae stored at -20 ℃ and -70 ℃ were 12-13 d, the body length of female and male progeny were about 2 mm and 1.4 mm, respectively, and the longevity of female progeny was about 11 days. The above indexes had no significant difference with the control. The parasitic ratio of F1 N.vitripennis to natural B.peregrine pupae was 90%-97%, and the emergence ratio of F1 progeny was about 80%-87%. There were about 40 progeny parasitoids emerged from one fly pupa, and the female ratio was about 90%, the examined indexes had no significant difference with the control. Conclusion Frozen storage of B.peregrine pupae had no effect on the development and quality of N.vitripennis progeny.